CHEMISTRY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2018/2019
- Teacher
- ALESSANDRA MOLINARI
- Credits
- 12
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
Training objectives
- General and Inorganic Chemistry is the first course in Chemistry and deals with the fundamentals of atomic structure, periodic table and reactivity of the main inorganic compounds.
The final aim of this course is to provide students the basic concepts and instruments for a full comprehension of the contents of Organic Chemistry and of Analytical Chemistry.
The main acquired knowledges will be on atomic structure, elements arrangement in the periodic table, periodic properties, relation between chemical reactivity and groups/valence electronic configurations, on chemical bonding, on types of reaction and their balance, on properties of gaseous and liquid compounds/mixtures, on solutions properties and their concentrations, on dilution, chemical equilibrium, acid-base equilibria. Some activities in classroom will be devoted to strenghten and consolidate theoric arguments transferring them to lab operations.
At the end of this course, the student will carry out experiments at the macroscopic level, will think about at a microscopic level and will represent observation results with a symbolic language. In particular, he/she will be able to perform the basic laboratory operations.
The training objective of organic chemistry course are focused on the properties and reactivity of the major organic chemistry compound classes and their interactions with the biological systems. In particular students must known the following concept:
1) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of alkenes.
2) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of alkynes.
3) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of alcohols.
4) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones.
5) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of amines.
6) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of carboxylic acid.
7) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of aromatic compounds.
8) Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of carboxylic acid derivatives: esters, amides, anhydrides, acylic halogenides, lactons and lactams.
9) Nucleophilic substitutions at saturated carbon (Sn1 and Sn2), Elimination reactions, E1 and E2.
10) Sugars properties and reactivity in particular for mono and di saccarides.
11) Chemical properties and biological interactions of aminoacids.
12) Chemical properties and biological interactions of DNA bases and basic heterocyclic chemistry.
13) Stereochemistry aspects
At the end of the course the students must be recognize the main class of organic compounds and their reactivity, in particular natural organic compounds such as sugar, amino acid, proteins and DNA bases. Prerequisites
- GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Basic knowledge of mathematical calculus is required: equations, skills in the graphic description of simple mathematical functions, logarithms, exponential calculus.
No preliminary rules are present. However, OFA in Chemistry have to be overcome (as described in the document "percorso di formazione")
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:Fundamental concepts of general and inorganic chemistry. Course programme
- GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. The course is of 48 hours of lessons provided in a classroom.
The subjects of lessons will be:
1)atoms and elements; composition of the matter; atomic and molecular weights. (6 hrs)
2) Chemical reactions. Stoichiometry. Periodic table of the elements and main classes of compounds. Chemical bond. (10 hrs)
3) Gas laws. Liquids and solids. (4 hrs)
4) Properties of solutions. Colligative properties.(6 hrs)
5) Chemical equilibrium. Acids and bases: pH, hydrolysis, buffered solutions.(12 hrs)
6) Principles of electrochemistry. (2 hrs)
7) Remaining hours (8) will be devoted to approach students to some basic operations mandatory for a chemist such as:
• label reading, comprehension of the importance of this action before doing anything else
• watching reactions, comprehension of what is happening inside the reaction vessel
• preparing solutions calculating density and concentration
• filtering
• dilution
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Structure and bonding. Constitutional isomers. Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry’s acid and bases. (4 Hours)
Carbon atoms hybridization. Reactivity, nomenclature and preparation of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and derivatives, Amine and derivatives. (10 hours)
Alchilalides and the nucleophilic substitution: SN1, SN2, elimination reactions, E1 and E2. Epoxides and ring opening reactions in acidic and basic conditions. (8 hours)
The Zaitsev’s rule and the cis/trans E/Z isomery in alkenes and cycloalkanes. The Markovnikov’s rule and the alcohols elimination. (4 hours)
Aromatic chemistry, electrophylic aromatic substitutions, Huckel’s rule, Friedel and Crafts reactions. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, the Fischer esterification. Grignard’s reagents and the reactivity of the carbonyl group. (10 hours)
Sugar, structure and functions, the anomeric effect. Amino acids and peptides, peptidic bond. Stereochemistry and R/S rule, geometric and constitutionals isomers. Nucleotides and nucleoside as a DNA bases. (12 hours) Didactic methods
- GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. The course has the following schedule: 48 hours of lectures in classroom about all the arguments. Another important aim will be the strengthening of the ability in connecting the observed macroscopic world with the microscopic one through the symbolic language used by chemists.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: 48 lectures in classroom, using the blackboard, power point slides for the molecular orbitals lessons and 3D models to better understand the stereochemistry aspect of the molecules. Learning assessment procedures
- GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Exam purpose is to check the gaining of objectives described above by the student. For students enrolled until A.A. 2016/17, the exam is divided in two parts, each part carried out in two different days:
• A written part that consists of 5 exercizes: 4 of them concern arguments of the course, 1 question is about lab experiences and activities. This part allows to verify the level of study and comprehension of the discipline. Each exercise has a maximum score of 5, only when it is completely and correctly carried out. A score of 15/25 is necessary to get over the written part and pass to the second part of the exam. A time of 70 minutes is leaved to do this first part of the exam. It is allowed to use ONLY the periodic table and the calculating machine.
• A second oral part that serves to evaluate the preparation of the student on the course arguments. Skill in connecting acquired knowledges will be evaluated. A score of a maximum 5 is achievable in this second part.
The final score will be the result of the addition of the scores obtained in the two parts of the exam (written and oral). When one of the two parts will not be sufficiently performed, the student has to repeat the exam from the beginning.
A positive score in the written part will remain valid during the same exams period. That is, the two parts of the exam have to be carried out during the same period of exam. It is allowed to do them in any of the scheduled days but during the same period of exams.
For students enrolled in the A.A. 2017/18 and 2018/19, the exam is only written (with the help of informatic places). It consists of 11 questions/exercises (5 possible answers with only 1 correct answer) concerning all the program. It is allowed to use ONLY the periodic table and the calculating machine. All information about the exam are available in the web minisite of General and Inorganic Chemistry.
In case of positive evaluation, the student can reject the achieved score. In the absence of rejection, the score is automatically accepted.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Exam purpose is to check the gaining of objective described above. The exam is a oral examination, the duration of the exam will be at least of 30 minutes for each student and it’s composed of five questions:
1) One question about reactivity and reactions of organic compounds, for example Alkenes, alcohols, ketones etc.etc
2) One question regarding the stereochemistry aspect of the molecules and reactions.
3) One question about nomenclature of organic compounds.
4) One question about aromatic chemistry
5 One question about biological relevant compounds such as DNA’s bases, sugars or aminoacids.
If the student answer at least three questions the score ranging between 18 to 22, four questions the score ranging between 22 to 26, five questions the score ranging between 26 to 30 e lode. Reference texts
- GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
Slides supplied by the teacher are useful to get information about the perfomed arguments. Then the study activity should be carried out by using a textbook:
•“Chimica Un approccio molecolare”, Nivaldo J. Tro, EdiSES editor, new edition. Inside this text a student has the opportunity of download and look material prepared by the teacher up. One will find also good exercises for the exam.
Other alternative (not additional) texts are:
•“Fondamenti di chimica generale", Raymond Chang, Kenneth Goldsby, McGraw Hill Education
• "Chimica generale" Julia Burdge, Jason Overby, II edizione Edra Editore
Teacher will provide exam simulations.
FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Janice Gorzynski Smith, Second Edition, Fondamenti di Chimica Organica, McGraw-Hill
