SURVEY AND REPRESENTATION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2022/2023
- Teacher
- MARCO GATTI
- Credits
- 6
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
- SSD
- ICAR/06
Training objectives
- The course consists in the Geometric and Structural survey and representation of an existing building carried out according to the techniques of the Close Range Photogrammetry, with the preparation of a written dissertation accompanied by numerical graphic drawings to which is added the carrying out of an exercise theme, agreed with the teacher. The survey, the representation and the theme can be carried out individually or in groups of a minimum of four to a maximum of five people.
Prerequisites
- To attend the lessons it is necessary to have an elementary knowledge of the survey performed with simple struments (meter, laser distanziometer, etc.); good knowledge in the use of 2D CAD software such as, for example, Autocad by Autodesk. With regard to this one, the student must be able to manage himself independently. The lessons does not include any hour dedicated to giving commands for their use. Furthermore, in order to attend lessons, the laboratories and the external activities, it is essential, as indicated in the Study Program, to acquire the suitability for Training and Safety in the workplace, pursuant to Legislative Decree. 81/2008: this eligibility must be possessed before the start of the lessons.
Course programme
- Description of the Photogrammetry camera. The geometry of the shot and the average scale of the frame. Calibrated focal distance. Gripping center coordinates. Distortion of objectives: calculation methods. Camera classification. Digital images: DPI metric resolution and pixel; radiometric resolution: the binary system and the concept of bit applied to images; the measurements: calculation of the pixel size; image size calculation; pixel density calculation; PPE calculation; weight calculation; calculation of intrinsic accuracy; numerical examples and exercises. Orientation and restitution of a photogram: object reference system; image reference system; projectivity between planes and homographic equations; orientation: writing and resolution of the matrix system with the principle of least squares; the restituition; the choice of PFAs. Operation of photogrammetry; Operating conditions; Types of sockets: inclined and central; Monographs of the P.F.A.; Digital file formats; Hints of photorealistic representation. The sensors: analog and digital sensors (the photodiode); difference between dot and pixel; focal distance, equivalent focal length, standard and reduced formats. Photogrammetry accuracy: instrumental, image, environmental, framing, orientation and frame restitution errors. LABORATORY: Analytical straightening of the elevation of a building and metric verification of the accuracies obtained. Introduction, organization, assignment of topics; development of the topics, revision and delivery of the final dissertation.
References to the Regulations. Historical analysis, geometric survey, material survey, checks, degradation, damage mechanisms, tests, levels of knowledge, confidence factors. References to the Legislation of the Emilia Romagna Region. Geometric survey: phases of geometric survey; drawings of the geometric survey; geometric survey summary; qualitative information deducible from the geometric survey: regularity in plan, regularity in height, the simple construction, the anti-seismic house of Ligorio. Material survey: vertical elements: stone, mortar, masonry, texture, equipment; horizontal elements: types of decks, intermediate decks, roofs, main and secondary beams, non-structural elements, frameworks (rules); stairs; platbands; porches and canopies; quantitative information that can be deduced from the material survey: table of masonry piers, characterization of materials, analysis of permanent loads; graphic drawings of the material survey. Historical analysis: examples. Degradation analysis: examples. Analysis of the damage mechanisms of the piers: damage mechanisms in the plane with examples; out-of-plane damage mechanisms with examples; Analysis of damage mechanisms of decks with examples. On site checks with examples. On-site tests with examples. Knowledge levels and confidence factors: final table. Application of structural geometric survey. Seismic classification: Seisma bonus and "ratio" of the standard; Definition of seismic risk; Earthquake damage; Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability; Simplified calculation method: masonry classification, vulnerability classes, average vulnerability and actual vulnerability, seismic risk classes, identification of seismic risk class; Numerical example and final considerations. Overview of the static suitability certification.
LABORATORY: Structural geometric survey of a building and its representation. Introduction, organization, assignment of topics; development of the topics, revisions and delivery of the final dissertation.
Didactic methods
- The teaching activities are divided into a part of theoretical lessons equal to 1/3 of the duration of the course and a part of laboratory equal to about 2/3 of the duration of the course. Both the lessons and the laboratory will be provided in presence. Attendance is always recommended and becomes practically mandatory during the course of the laboratory activity. With regard to the theoretical part of the lessons, upon justified request, audio/video lessons may be made available, divided into pre-recorded teaching units on the Power Point platform, shared on the course web page.
The laboratory part includes reviews, questions, comments, assignment of topics, additions to theoretical lessons, teacher assistance in carrying out the survey, representation and drafting of the final dissertation and papers and the external survey part must be carried out outside of class hours, by agreeing the didactic outing with the teacher. At the end of the first part of the laboratory and, without fail, at the end of the course, each student will have to deliver a written dissertation accompanied by graphic-numerical drawings relating to the building object of survey and representation. Outside of class hours and weekly office hours, the teacher will be available for further information on the course, only in cases of proven and justified need. Learning assessment procedures
- The ability acquired by each student to carry out the survey and the assigned representation, including the topic at issue, will be evaluated by the teacher also during the course and in particular in the context of carrying out the planned laboratory activities. For this reason it is essential to participate in the laboratory activities actively and not passively or absently. Only the verification of learning, acquired knowledge and skills development will be postponed to the final exam, evaluating the clarity and synthesis in the description of the phases of the exercises, the graphic layout, the interest and commitment shown during participation to teaching activities and the ability to extend the notions imparted to other engineering disciplines. Students who are regularly enrolled in the RRAC course and who have submitted, at the end of the lessons, the written dissertation with the assigned theme, accompanied by graphic-numerical documents, will be admitted to the final exam.
The exam focuses on the discussion, verification and analysis of the form, substance, correctness, even numerical, of what is reported in the dissertation and in the graphic works and has a variable duration from student. At the end of the same, a judgment will be expressed. The judgment will also take into consideration the aspects relating to the complexity, consistency and timing of the survey activities, representation and development of the topic. Subsequently, a second test is scheduled which consists of an "open and written" question on a topic of the course covered during the theoretical part of the lessons. This has a maximum duration of 30 minutes and is assigned a score between 0 and 30/30 with honors and, if passed, with a minimum score of 18/30. The final grade is made up of the average of the judgment grade and of the second test. Reference texts
- G. Bezoari, C. Monti, A. Selvini. “Misura e rappresentazione”. Casa Editrice Ambrosina Milano (In Italian)
Guidelines for the verification of the static suitability of a building (In Italian)
Information material, diagrams and didactic material used during the course (In Italian)
