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EQUIPMENT I - MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL RADIATION PROTECTION

Academic year and teacher
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Versione italiana
Academic year
2022/2023
Teacher
CORRADO CITTANTI
Credits
9
Didactic period
Secondo Semestre

Training objectives

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Modulo: 45826 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Understanding the main causes and mechanisms of disease, and the protective and/or pathogenetic role of the defense mechanisms of the organism (immune system, inflammation)

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Modulo: 52700 - SICUREZZA SUI LUOGHI DI LAVORO
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SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Knowledge of fundamental principles of risk prevention in the workplace concentrating on risks of health workers: biological, ergonomic and psycho-social hazards and risks.
Knowledge and application of the individual and general preventive strategies.

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Modulo: 53298 - RADIOPROTEZIONE
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RADIATION PHYSICS and EQUIPMENT
Capability of the evaluation of an analogue image quality by using its objective characterizing parameters and understanding of the possibilities offered by the digital image. Knowledge of the physical principles of the usual methods used in morphologic and functional investigations for health purposes by external energy fields and of the nature of the physical quantities observed. Understanding of the radiobiological and clinical bases of the radiotherapy and of the procedures to implement them.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
To revive and deepen basic knowledge in the field of radiobiology applied to health professions sciences. Moreover to introduce basic principles of radiation protection that can be divided into occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers; medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients; and public radiation protection, which is protection of individual members of the public and of the population as a whole. The types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups and are discussed separately during the course.

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Modulo: 53300 - APPARECCHIATURE
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EQUIPMENT
Capability of the evaluation of an analogue image quality by using its objective characterizing parameters and understanding of the possibilities offered by the digital image. Knowledge of the physical principles of the usual methods used in morphologic and functional investigations for health purposes by external energy fields and of the nature of the physical quantities observed. Understanding of the physical principles concerning the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter and radioactivity for clinical applications.

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Modulo: 53335 - RADIOPROTEZIONE FISICA
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To revive and deepen basic knowledge in the field of radiobiology applied to health professions sciences. Moreover to introduce basic principles of radiation protection that can be divided into occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers; medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients; and public radiation protection, which is protection of individual members of the public and of the population as a whole. The types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups and are discussed separately during the course.

Prerequisites

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Modulo: 45826 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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Basic notions of physics, chemistry and biology, in particular of eukaryote cell biology. Basic notions of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology.

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Modulo: 52700 - SICUREZZA SUI LUOGHI DI LAVORO
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SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Basic notions of physics, chemistry and biology. Basic notions of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology.


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Modulo: 53298 - RADIOPROTEZIONE
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RADIOPROTECTION
Basic notions of physics, chemistry and biology. Basic notions of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology. Knowledge of the bases of the dynamics, heat, sound and electromagnetic waves, atomic physics. Knowledge of the basic in Radiation Physics and interaction with matter. Knowledge of eukaryote cell biology, expecially the cellular cycle.


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Modulo: 53300 - APPARECCHIATURE
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Basic notions of physics, chemistry and biology. Basic notions of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology. Knowledge of the bases of the dynamics, heat, sound and electromagnetic waves, atomic physics. Knowledge of the basic in Radiation Physics and interaction with matter.

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Modulo: 53335 - RADIOPROTEZIONE FISICA
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Knowledge of the basic in Radiation Physics and interaction with matter. Knowledge of eukaryote cell biology, expecially the cellular cycle.

Course programme

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Modulo: 45826 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Cellular injury: Mechanisms of injury at the cellular level, and patterns of tissue injury: reactive oxygen species (ros) and hypoxia. different types of cell death: apoptosis, authophagy and necrosis. Inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation.

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Modulo: 52700 - SICUREZZA SUI LUOGHI DI LAVORO
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SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Occupational health and risk factors in health care workers


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Modulo: 53298 - RADIOPROTEZIONE
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RADIOPROTECTION
Radiation protection: definition and historical references. Concepts of Absorbed dose, Equivalent dose and Effective dose. Main government regulations and lows in the field of radiation protection. The principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization and dose limitation. Risks arising from the use of radioactive substances. Occupational radiation protection standards and limits. Professionals responsible for managing radiation protection. Radiation protection areas. Technical devices for radiation protection in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Radiation protection of patients. Quality assurance and quality controls. The TSRM and the optimization: methods of dose reduction and the Good Practices concept. Radiation protection in pregnancy and lactation. Radiation protection of the population: the Radioecology. Rules governing the disposal of solid and liquid radioactive waste. Radiation protection in the field of scientific research.


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Modulo: 53300 - APPARECCHIATURE
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EQUIPMENT
Physical image quality: contrast, spatial resolution and noise, analog and digital image.
X-ray apparatuses : X-ray tube, X-ray tube case, power supply circuits, control board.
Image intensifier: geometric magnification and penumbra, intensifier components, image reading, display and recording.
Radiographic cassette: components, film structure, latent image, sensitometric curve, effects of the treatment parameters, radiographic film, intensification screens, memory phosphors, anti-scatter grids. Detectors for digital radiography. Principles of x-ray mammography and its advanced applications.
Ultrasound and matter: nature of waves, impedance of the medium, piezoelectricity, propagation of waves in an elastic medium, absorption and diffusion of waves, effect of pulsed emission. Diagnostic imaging with ultrasounds: ultrasound probe, ecosignal and scans, ultrasound image in real time, echo-doppler probe, action of ultrasound waves on tissues.

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Modulo: 53335 - RADIOPROTEZIONE FISICA
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Radiation protection: definition and historical references. Concepts of Absorbed dose, Equivalent dose and Effective dose. Main government regulations and lows in the field of radiation protection. The principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization and dose limitation. Risks arising from the use of radioactive substances. Occupational radiation protection standards and limits. Professionals responsible for managing radiation protection. Radiation protection areas. Technical devices for radiation protection in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Radiation protection of patients. Quality assurance and quality controls. The TSRM and the optimization: methods of dose reduction and the Good Practices concept. Radiation protection in pregnancy and lactation. Radiation protection of the population: the Radioecology. Rules governing the disposal of solid and liquid radioactive waste. Radiation protection in the field of scientific research.

Didactic methods

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Modulo: 45826 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered.

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Modulo: 52700 - SICUREZZA SUI LUOGHI DI LAVORO
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SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered.


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Modulo: 53298 - RADIOPROTEZIONE
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RADIOPROTECTION
Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered. Some modules also provide for the execution of practical exercises.


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Modulo: 53300 - APPARECCHIATURE
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Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered.

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Modulo: 53335 - RADIOPROTEZIONE FISICA
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Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered.

Learning assessment procedures

RADIATION PHYSICS + EQUIPMENT
Written test, composed of 5 open-ended questions, on all the topics covered during the classes. For each response are assigned from 0 to 6 points. The test is designed to assess the comprehension of the subject by means of answers accuracy and tesxt clarity. The estimated time for the test is 50 minutes and is not allowed to consult texts, PC or smartphone.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
Oral exam based on two questions on various topics presented in the lectures (lasting 20-30 minutes) assessing clarity of presentation, reasoning ability and communication quality.

SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Multiple choice quizzes: 16 questions with 4 possible responses (only one exact). Score: right response: 2 points; wrong response or no response: 0 point. Exam lenght: 20 minutes.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Written test, a multiple choice questions quiz based on all the topics tackled in the class. The test has the aim of evaluating how deeply the student has studied the subject and how he is able to understand the basic topics analyzed. The time allowed for this test is 45 minutes. It is not allowed consulting any textbook or using electronic devices (PC, smart phone, calculator, ecc). The final mark is the sum of the correct answers in the quiz, to pass the exam it is necessary to get at least 18 point.
THE FINAL GRADE IS A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MARKS OBTAINED IN EACH TESTS.

Reference texts

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Modulo: 45826 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1) Celotti, Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia, EdiSES
2) Rubin, Patologia, Casa Ed. Ambrosiana
3) Pontieri Russo Frati, Patologia Generale, Piccin Ed.
4) Stevens Lowe Scott, Patologia, Ambrosiana

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Modulo: 52700 - SICUREZZA SUI LUOGHI DI LAVORO
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SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Medicina del lavoro. Manuale per le professioni sanitarie. EPC editore 2018


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Modulo: 53298 - RADIOPROTEZIONE
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RADIOPROTECTION
Martinenghi C., Fossati V., Radiobiologia, Ed. Raffaello Cortina, Milano
Orecchia R., Lucignani G., Tosi G., Elementi di Radiobiologia Clinica e Radioprotezione, Ed. Archimedica 2001
Slides provided in electronic format at the end of the course by the teacher.
Lecture notes in electronic form provided by the teacher at the end of the course.


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Modulo: 53300 - APPARECCHIATURE
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Lecture notes and other teaching materials provided by the teacher.

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Modulo: 53335 - RADIOPROTEZIONE FISICA
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Slides of the lessons and other material provided by the teacher.