PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2021/2022
- Teacher
- CARLO VERONESI
- Credits
- 8
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
Training objectives
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
To give a complete and integrate vision of the human apparatus functions and the principles of clinical biochemistry.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
The aim of this module is to provide the student with knowledge on the nutritional value and physiological role of foods and nutrients, on the processes they undergo within the body, allowing the student to acquire adequate knowledge on nutritional pathophysiology.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES
At the end of the course the student should know the main biochemical and pathophysiological basis of metabolic disorders of dietary treatment
In particular the student should learn:
•physiopathologic aspects and molecular basis of the main metabolic diseases with particular attention to diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, obesity, and hyperuricemia.
The basic acquired abilities will be: to have acquired the basis for a correct approach to nutrition of patients with metabolic disorders.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Learning of basic Pathology: etiology, adaptations, cell damage and death, inflammatory reactions, healing, alterations of cell proliferation and differentiation, tumors. Knowledge of main immune-pathologic dieases: hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. Prerequisites
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Basic knowledge of biochemistry and human anatomy. First principles of microscopic anatomy, of inorganic, organic and biological chemistry. First principles of physics.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
Adequate knowledge of anatomy, chemistry, biochemistry, clinical biochemistry, molecular and clinical biology as well as food chemistry.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES
Basic knowledge of biochemistry and human anatomy.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Appropriate knowledge of biochemistry, human anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology. Course programme
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology of nerve and muscle: resting potential, the action potential and its conduction, synaptic transmission, neuromuscular transmission. Mechanism of muscle contraction.
Physiology of heart and circulation: vascular system and principles of hemodynamics; the heart as a pump; the electrical activity of the heart and its control; normal circulatory function and its regulation. Capillary circulation and exchange of materials.
Endocrine glands: pituitry gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal cortex, endocrine functions of the pancreas, menstrual cycle.
Respiration: mechanical aspects of respiration, transport of oxigen and carbon dioxide by the blood. nervous and chemical control of respiration at rest.
Physiology of the kidney: body water and fluid compartments. Structure of the kidney, formation of plasma ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus, tubular function, renal control of body water and salt, renal regulation of acid-base balance, renal clearance.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
-Nutritional and biochemical aspects as well as function of macro and micronutrients
-Cross-talk between the periphery of the body and the central nervous system in the regulation of energy balance and its role in the pathogenesis of obesity
-Physiopathology of nutrient digestion, absorption and transport
-Nutrient metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and its regulation by the diet
-Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
-Main methods for the assessment of body composition and nutritional status
-The role of nutrition in the development of metabolic diseases.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES (12 hours)
Pathophysiology of glucose and lipid metabolism.
Hormones involved in glucose regulation and counter-regulation.
Causes and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemiae.
Epidemiology and complications of obesity, overweight and thinness.
Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines (primary and secondary hyperuricemia).
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Cell adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis.
Intracellular accumulations. Accumulation in the connective tissues: amyloidosis
Immune System: components and general functions.
Acute inflammation: vascular phenomena, leukocyte exudation, chemical mediators. Features of exudates. Types of acute inflammatory reactions.
Chronic inflammation: interstitial and granulomatous. Generalities and examples. Tuberculosis
The repair process: phases and mediators. Systemic effects of inflammation: fever, leukocytosis, acute phase proteins
Tumors: characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. Histogenetic classification, grading, staging. Molecular basis of the neoplastic process. Stages of carcinogenesis. Tumor growth, tumor progression and metastasis. Immune response against tumors. Local and systemic effects of the tumor.
Hypersensitivity reactions.
Autoimmunity: general characteristics and examples. Diabetes mellitus type I. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Multiple sclerosis. Myasthenia gravis. Celiac disease. LES.
Regulation of body weight. Obesity and associated diseases
Diabetes mellitus type 2. Didactic methods
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Lectures.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
Lectures.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES
The course is organized as follows: lectures on all topics of the course.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Lectures Learning assessment procedures
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
The oral exam, lasting about twenty minutes, provides a teacher's question to test the basic knowledge of the main physiological mechanisms of the body. Language property, exhibit clarity, reasoning skills, are also evaluated.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
Oral exam on the topics covered during the lectures. On average, each exam will last between 20-30 minutes and will require a score of 18 out of 30 to be passed. The final score will be based on the level of knowledge of the topics of the course, the ability to develop connections between different aspects of the course, critical thinking, clarity of the answers given as well as the use of the appropriate terminology.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES
The aim of the exam is to verify at which level the learning objectives previously described have been acquired, by an oral test lasting about 20 minutes with 2-3 questions, that will evaluate the acquired knowledge. In addition, the test will evaluate the capacity of connecting the acquired notions. To pass this test it is required to get at least 18 points out of 30.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Multiple choice test. 31 questions in 30 minutes. 1 point for every correct answer, 0 point for every incorrect or invalid answer. 18 points are necessary to pass the exam. Maximum score: 30+L.
THE FINAL GRADE IS A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MARKS OBTAINED IN EACH TESTS. Reference texts
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Teacher’s handouts.
Stanfield C. & Germann W. (2009), Fisiologia umana, EdiSES, Napoli, Italia.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION
Lecture notes and didactic material provided by the lecturer.
Book: Arienti G. (2021), Molecular basis of Nutrition, V edition, Ed. Piccin, Padova, Italia.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC DISEASES
Materials provided by the teacher.
Texts of physiology and biochemistry used for the specific courses.
Monaco F. (2013), Endocrinologia per i corsi di laurea delle professioni sanitarie. II edizione. Società Editrice Universo, Roma, Italia.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Teacher’s handouts.
Pontieri G.M. (2012), Patologia e Fisiopatologia generale per Corsi di Laurea in Professioni Sanitarie, Piccin Editore, Padova, Italia.
