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MARITIME HYDRAULICS AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

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Versione italiana
Academic year
2022/2023
Teacher
ALESSANDRO VALIANI
Credits
9
Curriculum
AMBIENTALE
Didactic period
Secondo Semestre

Training objectives

The maritime and coastal hydraulics segment provides the fundamentals of maritime hydraulics and some criteria for the design of coastal defense works.
The body of knowledge that should be acquired is:
• Regular wave theory.
• Propagation of wave motion and interaction with structures.
• Real wave motion.
• Coastal processes.
• Coastal protection.
The main skills that should be acquired are:
• Computation of velocity and pressure distributions in the presence of wave motion.
• Computation of the wave motion at the coast, for prescribed characteristics of the wave motion offshore.
• Wave actions on coastal defense structures.
• Design of coastal defense works.

The management of water pipe network segment is aimed to provide advanced knowledge about optimal design and management of water main and distribution systems.
The body of knowledge that should be acquired is:
• Breakage models.
• Leakage models.
• Reliability indicators.
• Thoery of multi-objective optimization.
• Basic knowledge about water quality aspects in water distribution systems.
The main skills that should be acquired are:
• Evaluation of the water volume lost in a water distribution system.
• Setting up a multi-objective management problem.
• Evaluation of a water distribution system reliability.
• Modelling of water quality aspects in a water distribution system.

Prerequisites

To undertake the study of maritime and coastal hydraulics, the student should have a working command of the concepts acquired during Hydraulics course. Some aspects concerning the Meteorological and climate regimes are easier to understand if basic Hydrology is known.
In order to profitably attend the management of water pipe network segment it is necessary to have understood and assimilated the contents of the courses “Hydraulics” and “Hydraulic Constructions”.

Course programme

The topics addressed in the maritime and coastal hydraulics segment are the following.
BASIC HYDRAULIC ASPECTS (2.5 h)
The coastal area. Sea level oscillations. Wave classification. Regular and irregular waves. Continuity and momentum equations. Boundary conditions. Potential flows. Cauchy-Lagrange integral and Bernoulli’s theorem for unsteady irrotational flows.
REGULAR WAVE THEORIES (10 h)
Real domain. Velocity potential. Boundary conditions. Linear theory. Dispersion relationship. Propagation speed. Velocity, pressure, particle trajectories. Waves in deep water, in transition water and in shallow water. Group speed and phase speed. Potential, kinetic and mechanical energy. Wave theory of finite amplitude. Stokes second order theory. Ursell parameter. Cnoidal and solitary waves.
WAVES PROPAGATION AND INTERACTION WITH THE STRUCTURES (10 h)
Shoaling. Refraction. Snell’s law. Direct and reverse refraction. Wave breaking. Stokes criterion and Laitone criterion. Breaking waves. Reflection. Stationary wave. Reflection in closed basins. Diffraction. Huygens principle. Graphic solutions for semi-infinite barriers.
REAL WAVES (7.5 h)
Short-term statistics. Zero-crossing method. Statistical distributions. Characteristic wave heights and periods. Spectral method. Spectral density. Spectral moments and correlations with zero-crossing and Rayleighian analyses. Parametric spectra. Medium-term statistics. Joint distributions “wave heights – directions”. Long-term statistics. Extreme waves. Estimates of the parameters. Return period and hydraulic hazard. Design wave. Waves measurement. Waves reconstruction. Generation processes. Energy conservation equation. The Phillips model and the Miles model. Spectral models. SMB method.
COASTAL PROCESSES (12.5 h)
Environmental factors: waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediments characteristics. Wave mechanics effects on coasts. Sediment transport. Wave climate of the swell near the coastline. Mechanical balances averaged over the wave period. “Radiation stress”. Two-dimensional continuity and momentum equations averaged along the vertical. Wave set-down and set-up. Cross-shore and long-shore currents induced by waves, tides and wind. Resistances at the bottom. Long-shore and cross-shore sediment transport. Equilibrium profiles.
COASTAL PROTECTION (10 h)
The problem of coastal erosion. Defense works. Groynes. Hydraulic aspects and design criteria. Breakwaters. Sand dunes formation. Transmission coefficient. Collapse modes. Stability of rubble structures. Design parameters. Artificial nourishments: general criteria, one-line models.
EXERCISES (7.5 h)
Linear theory. Refraction, shoaling, reflection and diffraction. Zero-crossing analysis and statistics of extremes. Real waves and waves reconstruction. Refraction and KNMI data. Longitudinal sediment transport. Equilibrium profiles and artificial nourishments.

The topics addressed in the management of water pipe network segment are the following.
PIPE NETWORK MODELING (5 h)
The global Gradient Method. Demand driven and pressure driven approaches. Modeling and control of pumping stations and valves.
WATER LOSSES (7.5 h)
Water loss modeling. Evaluation of leakage level. Approaches for reducing water losses.
PIPE NETWORK RELIABILITY (2.5 h)
Resilience and performance indexes. Multi-objective design accounting for cost and reliability of the system.
WATER QUALITY (5 h)
Pipe network water quality. modeling.
First and second order decay laws. Disinfection by-products. Optimal design and management of chlorination.
EXERCISES (10 h)
Four numerical applications regarding the previous topics will be developed through the use of the computer and Matlab and EPANET software.

Didactic methods

The whole course is organized as follows:
• frontal lessons on the course contents;
• application examples, aimed at illustrating the practical applications of the theory;
• support for carrying out practical exercises on Selected topics of the course.
More in details, the segment maritime and coastal hydraulics provides for 60 hours of teaching, which consist of 52 hours of theoretical lessons and application and/or numerical examples, as well as 8 hours of support for exercises, concerning numerical examples and practical applications.
The management of water pipe network segment engages 30 hours of teaching, which consist of theoretical lessons (20 hours) and numerical examples and practical applications (10 hours).

Learning assessment procedures

The objective of the exam consists in verifying the achievement of the above-mentioned training objectives.
For the segment maritime and coastal hydraulics this test consists of a conversation concerning the main topics discussed during the course. We intend to enhance the ability to consciously manage the approximations, either implicit or explicit, which allow the use of mathematical modelling in maritime and coastal hydraulics. These concepts are fundamental for the reconstruction of wave mechanics and the most relevant coastal processes for the purpose of the environmental protection as well as for the correct design of anthropic interventions on coastal areas.
For the segment of management of water pipe network, the test consists of an oral examination featuring a couple of demands covering the main topics of the program and the technical exercitations developed by the student in Matlab and EPANET framework. We intend to enhance the ability to deal with practical problems concerning the management of pipe network, water losses, water distribution system reliability and water quality issue.
A sufficient level is required for both the tests. The final mark is the weighted average of the questions on the maritime and coastal hydraulics segment and the questions on management of water pipe network segment, using weights that are proportional to the number of CFU of the two parts.

Reference texts

First segment: Maritime and coastal hydraulics
Reference book:
• PETTI M., Fondamenti di Idraulica Marittima e Costiera, Università degli Studi di Udine, 2016.
In-depth books:
• LONGO S., Appunti di Idraulica Marittima. Parte I: La teoria delle onde, Università degli Studi di Parma, 2011.
• U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Shore Protection Manual, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 3 vol., Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA, 1984.
• U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Coastal Engineering Manual, Official Publications of HQ USACE Website, Engineer Manuals EM 1110-2-1100, USA, 2002.
• SVENDSEN, I.A., JONSSON, I.G., Hydrodynamics of Coastal Regions, Den Private Ingeniørfond, Technical University Denmark, Copenhagen, 1980.
• SVENDSEN, I.A., Introduction to nearshore hydrodynamics, World Scientific, 2006.
• FREDSØE, J., DEIGAARD, Mechanics of coastal sediment transport, World Scientific, 1992.
Second segment: Management of water pipe network
Reference text:
• Lecture Notes; Lecture Slides..
In-depth books:
• Strafaci A., Chase D. V., Beckwith S., Walski T.M., Grayman W., Savic D., Koelle E., Advanced Water Distribution Modeling And Management. Bentley Institute Press (2007).
• Mays L. Water Distribution System Handbook. McGraw-Hill Education (1999)
• Mays L. Urban Water Supply Handbook. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2002)