CYTOLOGY AND HUMAN ANATOMY
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2022/2023
- Teacher
- ARIANNA GONELLI
- Credits
- 9
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
- SSD
- BIO/16
Training objectives
- The course of Cytology and Human Anatomy accompanies the student in a linear route that, starting with the study of cell and tissue, leads him to the knowledge of the complex structure of the human body.
In particular, the specific purpose are:
-to learn the morpho-functional organization of the cell, the processes of cell division, to understand the mechanisms of transmission and expression of genetic information;
-the acquisition of histological basis with the aim of understanding the human body general organization
-the identification of the components of the different systems of the human body to define their connections (both structural and functional levels).
The main skills acquired by the student will be:
- the ability to identify the relationships between structure and function and those among the different biological processes;
-to acquire the knowledge of the mechanism that allow to cells, tissues and organs to perform their specific functions in the body
-the ability to discuss about the correlations between the human body structures and its functions;
-the acquisition of the basic medical terminology necessary for their future profession. Prerequisites
- It is necessary to have acquired the following information provided by previous high school courses in Chemistry, Physics and Biology:
-Hierarchic organization of inorganic, organic and living world;
-Types and characteristics of chemical bonds;
-the cell as morphological and functional unit of life;
-basic knowledge of human anatomy provided by high schools. Course programme
- The Course is divided into three main themes (cytology, histology, and human anatomy)
Cytology Introductory part relating to basic characteristics of biomolecules: water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and to the main methodologies used in cellular biology. Basic concepts of: transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression and post-translational modifications. Morphological organization of the prokaryotic cell. Eukaryote cell: structure and functions of cell membranes; membrane transport and specialized cell junctions; cytoplasm and cytoskeleton; cell organelles (rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxysomes); mitochondria. Nuclear structure in interphase and during division, chromatin and chromosomes, nucleolus, cell cycle and its control, mitosis and meiosis. Gonad differentiation, gamete maturation.
Histology
Epithelial tissue: epithelium and glandular epithelium. Connective tissue: connective tissue proper, cartilage tissue, bone tissue, blood. Muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, heart muscle and smooth muscle tissue. Nervous tissue: neurons and neuroglia.
Human anatomy (36 hours) - Introduction to the study of human anatomy: anatomical position, hollow organs and solid organs, anatomical section planes, body cavities, membranes of the human body.
Cardiovascular System: blood vessels, systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, hepatic portal system, heart, main arteries and veins of the systemic circulation, lymphatic system.
Respiratory system: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, pleura and pleural cavities.
Digestive system: peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. oral cavity, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and pancreas.
Urinary system: kidneys, nephron. urinary tract: ureters, urinary bladder, male and female urethra, juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Male reproductive system: scrotum, testes, spermatic cord. Sperm ducts: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, accessory glands of the male reproductive system.
Female reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
Nervous system: central nervous system, embryonic development and organization of the brain. encephalic meninges, ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid, lood-brain barrier, spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, forebrain. Basal ganglia. Cerebellum.
Laboratories:
The laboratories give the student the opportunity to deepen the topics discussed in the classroom, through observation of histological preparations, by direct study on anatomical models and through the use of an interactive virtual anatomy system. Didactic methods
- The course is organized as lectures using the following teaching supports: Power Point presentations, audio-visual supports, explicative tables, anatomical models of human body parts and human organs.
The course includes practical exercises carried out through observation of microscopic preparations of tissues and organs at optical microscopic, guided exercises with the use of human preparations fixed in formalin, and three-dimensional models of parts of the human body, use of a multimedia program for interactive study of human anatomy, use of virtual laboratories. Learning assessment procedures
- The aim of the final examination is to verify the level of achievement of the learning objectives of the course. The exams consists of a oral test on at least three subjects of the programme in which it will be evaluated the ability of the student to understand and discuss with competence the chosen subjects. The test will also consider the ability to identify the connections among the different biological processes, to enrich the explanation with appropriate examples, to use a correct terminology and discuss a critical way the information acquired.
To pass the exam the student must obtain a minimum score of 18 on 30. If the score is less than 18, the student must repeat the oral test. Reference texts
- Solomon, Martin e altri – Elementi di Biologia-EdiSes
Colombo R , Olmo E. –Biologia. Cellule e tessuti- Edi Ermes
Anatomia umana. Elementi
con istituzioni di Istologia. Ediermes
