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HUMAN ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY

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Versione italiana
Academic year
2021/2022
Teacher
REBECCA VOLTAN
Credits
7
Didactic period
Primo Semestre

Training objectives

MODULE BASIC ANATOMY: The principal goal of this course is the acquisition of a basic anatomical knowledge to understand the functions of the human body in health condition. In particular the course will permit the acquisition of knowledge about the mechanisms that allow individual cells, tissues and organs to perform their specific functions within the human organism by the identification of the different components in the systems and the establishment of their physical and functional relationships. Therefore, at the end of the course the student will be able to recall the basic concepts to discuss the correlations between the structures of the human body and its functions. The students will also acquire the necessary basic medical terminology for the professional opportunities provided by the degree course.
MODULE NEUROANATOMY: The course aims to provide a basic knowledge of the structure of the human nervous system, with an in-depth study of the functional anatomy of the integrated systems involved in cognitive functions.
MODULE HISTOLOGY: The course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the structure, organization and function of cells and tissues in the human body. At the end of the course, the student should be able to describe microscopic and ultrastructural structure of cells in the different tissues and to correlate them with physiological functions in the tissues. Further, the student has to acquire and use histological terminology as a basis for the critical interpretation of the morphological knowledge.

Prerequisites

Basic elements of biology and statistics. First principles of physics, chemistry and medical biochemistry.

Course programme

MODULE BASIC ANATOMY: General architecture of the human body: cells, tissues, organs, systems.
Tegumentary system: the skin.
Cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels and blood circulation.
Lymphatic system: lymph, lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic circulation.
Respiratory system: respiratory tract, lungs and respiratory meccanica.
Digestive system: oral cavity, alimentary canal, and related glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas).
Urinary system: kidney, urinary tract.
Skeletal system: calls of bone tissue, axial and appendicular skeleton, joints.
Nervous system: calls of nervous tissue, spinal cord and brief notes to the spinal nerves; general architecture of the brain.
MODULE NEUROANATOMY: Development of the central nervous system. Encephalic vesicles. Ventricular system. Spinal and cranial meninges. Meningeal spaces. Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation. Coroid plexuses and arachnoid granulations. Meninges and brain vessels. Blood supply of the central nervous system. Brain morphology. Forebrain and Brainstem: morphology and general organization. Sensory pathways. Main motor pathways. Brain cortex. Layers and areas of the cortex. Hippocampal formation and its interconnections. Parahippocampal gyrus and cingulate gyrus. Fornix. Anterior commissure. Papez circuit. Amigdaloid body and its interconnections. Limbic thalamus and its relationship with the prefrontal cortex. Hypothalamus and its projections to the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Main connections involved in physiological, behavioural and psychological responses mediated by the limbic system.
MODULE HISTOLOGY: General structure of the cell. Stem cells and cell differentiation
EPITHELIAL TISSUE: cytological characteristics of the epithelia. Morphofunctional polarity: apical, lateral and basal surface specializations. Epithelia: classification structure, location and function. Outline of the glandular epithelia.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE: structural organization. Cells and extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, glycoproteins and proteoglycans). Location and functions. Loose and dense connective tissues. Adipose tissue.
CARTILAGE TISSUE: chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage. Articular cartilage.
BONE TISSUE: osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Extracellular matrix: composition and function. Spongy and compact bone T. The osteon. Primary and secondary bone T.
BLOOD: composition: plasma and corpuscular elements. Morphological characteristics and main functions of the corpuscular elements.
MUSCLE TISSUE: structure, ultrastructure and functions. The striated muscle fiber, the myofibril, the sarcomere. The contraction of the muscle fiber. Cardiac striated muscle T.: the cardiac fiber. The intercalary discs. Smooth muscle T.: the smooth muscle cell.

NERVOUS TISSUE: structure, location and function. Neuron and nerve fiber. Myelin sheath. Glial cells. Nerve structure: epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium. Synapses. Neuromuscular junction. Anterograde and retrograde axon transport. Main stages of embryonic development

Didactic methods

Lessons and practical exercises.
The course of human anatomy is organized as lectures (24 hours) using the following teaching supports: Power Point presentations and anatomical models of human body parts and human organs.

Learning assessment procedures

MODULE HUMAN ANATOMY: The exam is written and it consists of 33 multiple choice questions that cover all topics of the program. Each question has 5 answers of which only one is correct. Each correct answer has a value of 1 point. Answer left blank or wrong has a value of 0 point. The exam duration is 40 minutes.
To pass the exam the student must obtain a minimum score of 18. If the score is less than 18, the student must repeat the test.
MODULE SPECIAL ANATOMY: The exam is oral and consists of the discussion of 4-5 topics of the program, of which one eventually chosen by the student. Teacher's goal is to stimulate discussion to understand the breadth and depth of knowledge level reached by the student in the study of matter, its ability to link the knowledges on the morphological functional aspects and the possible clinic implications, as well as the different parts of the program. The examination time can vary between 15 and 40 minutes.
MODULE HISTOLOGY: Oral exam including several questions on the contents of the course.
Faced with very serious deficiencies on fundamental subjects, even the failure to reply to a single question can determine the non-continuation of the exam.

THE FINAL GRADE IS A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MARKS OBTAINED IN EACH TESTS.

Reference texts

MODULE HUMAN ANATOMY: One of the following texts together with an atlas of Human Anatomy (at the student's choice):
Martini, Anatomia Umana, EdiSES
Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Ambrosi, Anatomia dell’uomo, Edi-Ermes
Tortora, Principi di Anatomia Umana, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
McKinley, Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Marieb, Elementi di anatomia e fisiologia dell’uomo, Zanichelli
Hansen JT, NETTER’S Anatomia da colorare, Piccin
MODULE NEUROANATOMY: Hendelman, Atlante di Neuroanatomia Funzionale, Casa Ed. Ambrosiana
MODULE HISTOLOGY: Elementi di Istologia e cenni di embriologia, a cura di A Filippini, Ed. Piccin, Padova. Junqueira, Carneiro, Compendio Di Istologia Testo-Atlante, Ed. Piccin, Padova. Gartner P. L. et al., Istologia, EdiSES.