EQUIPMENT I - MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2017/2018
- Teacher
- CORRADO CITTANTI
- Credits
- 9
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
Training objectives
- RADIATION PHYSICS and EQUIPMENT
Capability of the evaluation of an analogue image quality by using its objective characterizing parameters and understanding of the possibilities offered by the digital image. Knowledge of the physical principles of the usual methods used in morphologic and functional investigations for health purposes by external energy fields and of the nature of the physical quantities observed. Understanding of the radiobiological and clinical bases of the radiotherapy and of the procedures to implement them.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
To revive and deepen basic knowledge in the field of radiobiology applied to health professions sciences. Moreover to introduce basic principles of radiation protection that can be divided into occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers; medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients; and public radiation protection, which is protection of individual members of the public and of the population as a whole. The types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups and are discussed separately during the course.
SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
To know the government regulations and laws, the prevention and protection organization in working environments, the subjects and their tasks, duties and responsibilities.
To know the concepts and the general methodology of the risk assessment and the measures of prevention and protection.
To know the principal risks in medical environment: biological, chemical and physic agents.
To know and to make good use of prevention and protection measures, collective and individual.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Understanding the main causes and mechanisms of disease, and the protective and/or pathogenetic role of the defense mechanisms of the organism (immune system, inflammation) Prerequisites
- Basic notions of physics, chemistry and biology. Basic notions of anatomy, biochemistry and physiology. Knowledge of the bases of the dynamics, heat, sound and electromagnetic waves, atomic physics. Knowledge of the basic in Radiation Physics and interaction with matter. Knowledge of eukaryote cell biology, expecially the cellular cycle.
Course programme
- RADIATION PHYSICS
Interaction of ionisation radiation with matter: cross section and attenuation coefficient; interaction of photon with matter, stopping power, interaction of charged particles with matter. Fundamentals od Radioactivity.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
Radiation protection: definition and historical references. Concepts of Absorbed dose, Equivalent dose and Effective dose. Main government regulations and lows in the field of radiation protection. The principles of radiation protection: justification, optimization and dose limitation. Risks arising from the use of radioactive substances. Occupational radiation protection standards and limits. Professionals responsible for managing radiation protection. Radiation protection areas. Technical devices for radiation protection in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Radiation protection of patients. Quality assurance and quality controls. The TSRM and the optimization: methods of dose reduction and the Good Practices concept. Radiation protection in pregnancy and lactation. Radiation protection of the population: the Radioecology. Rules governing the disposal of solid and liquid radioactive waste. Radiation protection in the field of scientific research.
SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Main government regulations and laws in the field of occupational prevention and protection in working environments.
DLgs 81/2008 - Titre 1 – Common rules.
Concepts and subjects of the prevention organization in working environments: tasks, duties and responsibilities.
Methodology of the risk assessment applied to medical environment.
Risks: classification, valuation, exposure modalities, adverse effects at short and long-term, prevention and protection measures, collective and individual devices, safety procedure, with reference to biological agents with parenteral or aerial transmission, hazardous chemical agents in medical environment and physic agents (non ionizing radiations) of medical use.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Cellular injury: Mechanisms of injury at the cellular level, and patterns of tissue injury: reactive oxygen species (ros) and hypoxia. different types of cell death: apoptosis, authophagy and necrosis
Environmental factors in disease: physical injury, chemical injury, obesity and diet deficiencies
Inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation
Neoplasia. Neoplastic disease, with illustrations of benign and malignant processes and their pathologic consequences. epidemiology, microscopic and macroscopic properties, molecular basis, oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, neoplasia as multistage process.
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular system
atherosclerosis
EQUIPMENT
Image properties : intensity, luminous level, minimum separable, contrast, modulation transfer function, analogical and digital image.
X-ray apparatuses : X-ray tube, X-ray tube case, power supply circuits, high voltage cables, control board, X-ray tube aging.
Image intensifier: geometric magnification and penumbra, intensifier components, image reading, display and recording.
Radiographic cassette: components, film structure, latent image, sensitometric curve, effects of the treatment parameters, radiographic film, intensification screens, memory phosphors, grids.
Conventional and computer assisted tomography: depth of a foreign body, conventional stratigraphy, CT, iteration, convolution, retroproiection, technological progresses, helicoidal volumetric tomography. Didactic methods
- Formal teaching consists of frontal lectures on all the course’s topics proposed and direct comparison with students through dialogue and questions to realize the level of understanding of the various topics covered. Some modules also provide for the execution of practical exercises.
Learning assessment procedures
- RADIATION PHYSICS + EQUIPMENT
Written test, composed of 5 open-ended questions, on all the topics covered during the classes. For each response are assigned from 0 to 6 points. The test is designed to assess the comprehension of the subject by means of answers accuracy and tesxt clarity. The estimated time for the test is 50 minutes and is not allowed to consult texts, PC or smartphone.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
Oral exam based on two questions on various topics presented in the lectures (lasting 20-30 minutes) assessing clarity of presentation, reasoning ability and communication quality.
SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Written exam: multiple choise questionnaire with 16 questions (4 possible responses, only one exact). Score: exact response=2 points; exact response with amendment=1 point; wrong or no response: 0 point. Exam duration: 30 minutes
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Written test, a multiple choice questions quiz based on all the topics tackled in the class. The test has the aim of evaluating how deeply the student has studied the subject and how he is able to understand the basic topics analyzed. The time allowed for this test is 45 minutes. It is not allowed consulting any textbook or using electronic devices (PC, smart phone, calculator, ecc). The final mark is the sum of the correct answers in the quiz, to pass the exam it is necessary to get at least 18 point.
THE FINAL GRADE IS A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MARKS OBTAINED IN EACH TESTS. Reference texts
- RADIATION PHYSICS and EQUIPMENT
Lecture notes and other teaching materials provided by the teacher.
MEDICAL RADIATION PROTECTION
Martinenghi C., Fossati V., Radiobiologia, Ed. Raffaello Cortina, Milano
Orecchia R., Lucignani G., Tosi G., Elementi di Radiobiologia Clinica e Radioprotezione, Ed. Archimedica 2001
Slides provided in electronic format at the end of the course by the teacher.
Lecture notes in electronic form provided by the teacher at the end of the course
SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Lecture notes in electronic form provided by the teacher at the end of the course.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Rubin, Patologia, Casa Ed. Ambrosiana
Pontieri Russo Frati, Patologia Generale, Piccin Ed.
Stevens Lowe Scott, Patologia, Ambrosiana
